To understand
about knowledge in general, we should know four factors connected with
knowledge. The first factor is the ‘locus of knowledge’. I
should have a clear idea about where the knowledge takes place. I
should know what the nature of knowledge is. In Sanskrit, locus is called ashraya and nature is called svarupam. Then, the third factor is the object of knowledge or vishaya. I cannot generally say knowledge. I should say
knowledge of what. Finally and most importantly,
the instrument or means by which I generate knowledge. Locus, nature, object, and instrument - We should
clearly know these four factors.
The first thing
is the locus of knowledge. We
already know that any knowledge has
to take place only in the intellect, buddhi.
Knowledge cannot take
place in the physical body. Knowledge cannot take place in the atma also. There is
only one place where knowledge can take place.That is called buddhi or manah. I will use the word intellect.
The second
thing that we have to understand is the nature of knowledge. If knowledge has
to take place in the mind, the knowledge can only be of one nature and that is
in the form of thoughts. Any knowledge has to take place in the intellect and
it has to be in the form of a thought alone. In Sanskrit, we call it vrttih.Vrttih means a thought mode.
In-fact, as
even I am talking, your intellect is available here. And as even you hear
my words, they are entering your intellect and a thought modification takes
place. If nothing takes place in your intellect, there will only be blankness
like a blank tape. Your intellect is undergoing thought modification and you
are gathering knowledge or information. Therefore, knowledge is in the form of
thought or vrtti. This is the nature
of any knowledge.
The third factor
that you have to know is the object
of knowledge. Object of
knowledge is anything about which I want to know. It can be atom, planets or
anything that I want to know.
Fourth and most
important factor is the instrument or means by which I gather knowledge. We
have got several instruments. In-fact, every sense organ is an instrument. Now,
you are using your ears. You use your eyes to know the color of an object. You
use your nose to get the knowledge of smell. Every sense organ is an instrument
of Knowledge. In Vedanta, it is
called a pramanam.
Pramanam means an instrument of knowledge. All scientific discoveries
also are based on the sense organs only. The only difference is that they do
experiments with the help of sense organs and collect the data. Based on the
data, they build up their knowledge.
Even though
they use a lot of scientific reasoning as Newton did to arrive at the
law of gravitation, no doubt that thinking is involved, but the data or the datum
of the apple falling was collected with the help of sense organs only. Thus, we
have got a set of instruments with which we gather knowledge. Of these four
factors, the first two are same for any knowledge.
Whether you
want to know sound or color or smell or taste or touch, the locus
is the same. Any knowledge has to take
place in the intellect alone. It is same for all. Similarly, the nature of
knowledge is also the same. Whatever be the knowledge, whether it is smell or
taste or color or physics or chemistry or economics, takes place in the form of
vrtti or thought mode only.
Therefore, it
does not change. It is uniform for all kinds of knowledge. The object of
knowledge changes from situation to situation. If a college student sits in a
physics class, the subject matter is physics. In chemistry class, the subject
matter is chemistry. The object changes, but the locus is the buddhi and the nature of knowledge is vrtti. The objects alone change, but buddhi and vrtti do not change.
Similarly, the
instrument of knowledge also will change depending
upon the object.
If I want to know the sound, I have to use the ears
alone. If I
want to want to know the color, I have to use the eyes alone. In eating, you
can use different instruments. You can use your hand, a spoon, a fork or
chopsticks, but with regard to knowledge you have no choice.
If you want to
know the colour, you have to use the eyes and for sound, you have to use
the ears. Depending upon the object, you have to use different
instruments of knowledge. These four factors are important for any knowledge.
Now, we have to
come to the specific knowledge called self knowledge.
What are the
four factors to be employed with regard to self-knowledge? What is the locus of
self knowledge, where does it take place? What is the nature of Self Knowledge?
What is the object of Self Knowledge? What is the instrument of Self Knowledge?
We should have
clarity regarding these. Otherwise, we will be groping in darkness.
Here also, we
should be very clear that like any other knowledge, Self Knowledge also
requires intellect as the locus of knowledge. Any knowledge can
take place in the intellect alone, including Self Knowledge. That
is why scriptures talk about preparing the intellect,refining the
ground of knowledge.
By knocking off
the intellect, I cannot get knowledge. Intellect is very much required
as the receptacle, as the basis of knowledge.
एष सर्वेषु भूतेषु गूढोऽऽत्मा न प्रकाशते ।
दृश्यते त्वग्र्यया बुद्ध्या सूक्ष्मया सूक्ष्मदर्शिभिः ।। 1.3.12 ।।
।1.3.12।। He is hidden in all beings, and hence He does not appear as the Self (of all). But by the seers of subtle things, He is seen through a pointed and fine intellect.
मनसैवेदमाप्तव्यं नेह नानास्ति किंचन ।
मृत्योः स मृत्युं गच्छति य इह नानेव पश्यति ।। 2.1.11 ।।
।2.1.11।। This is to be attained through the mind indeed. There is no diversity here whatsoever. He who sees as though there is difference here, goes from death to death.
Upanishads make
it very clear that intellect has to be prepared and kept intact as a locus of
the knowledge. That is why Shri Dayananda Swamiji says that some people listen to the
talk sitting in meditation and if they are going to make their mind blank
sitting here, nothing will happen. They have to keep their intellect alert and
ready to receive any knowledge, including Self Knowledge. Therefore, intellect
is the locus of Self Knowledge also.
Then, the next
question is - what is the nature of Self Knowledge? Here also, we have to
understand that all the other forms of knowledge are in the form of thoughts.
It has to be extended to Self Knowledge also. Self Knowledge also has to take
place only in the form of a thought. Thoughtlessness is not any knowledge.
Thought is knowledge. Self Knowledge is also vrtti rupa.
Shankaracharya beautifully
says - vrttim jnanamayim krtva pashyet brahmamayam
jagat.
jnanamayi vrttih - vrtti
in the form of knowledge, knowledge in the form of vrtti. Vrtti means a
thought. Self Knowledge has to take place in the form of a thought which corresponds
to the self, the atmaaakara vrtti or atma vrtti. This is
the nature of Self Knowledge.
Then, the next
question is - what is the object of Self Knowledge? Here alone there is
uniqueness. In all other branches of science, we try to learn about one object
or the other. It is all objective knowledge called apara vidya or material
sciences. The uniqueness of Self
Knowledge is that it is the only knowledge where the object of knowledge
happens to be the subject itself.
There is no
uniqueness with regard to the locus of knowledge. The locus is the same whether
it is material knowledge or Self Knowledge.The locus is the intellect only. And
the nature is also the same for both material knowledge and spiritual knowledge.
It has to be in the form of vrtti alone.
There is no difference in nature or locus, but the difference is only in the object
of knowledge.
Here, the object
of knowledge happens to be the very subject itself. I
am the object of knowledge.
Then, comes the
fourth important factor.
We have seen
the locus, nature and the object. Now the crucial question is - what is the instrument or means of
gathering this knowledge? The normal instruments of knowledge that we use,
like the sense-organs of perception are all turned extrovert. By their very
nature, they can only reveal the external world of objects.
They are incapable
of objectifying the subject. That is why it is called the subject. If they
could objectify the subject; subject would have been called the object.
Therefore, our peculiar problem is that all our instruments of knowledge are
turned extrovert.
पराञ्चि खानि व्यतृणत् स्वयम्भूस्तस्मात् पराङ्पश्यति नान्तरात्मन् ।
The self-existent Lord destroyed the
outgoing senses. Therefore one sees the outer objects and not the inner self.
My sense organs
are not able to help me know myself. All the material sciences also cannot help
because all the material sciences are based on sensory data. Physics deals with
a field which is again based on sensory data. In any branch of science, they do
experimentation, collect data and arrive at the knowledge.
Therefore, all
sciences also cannot help because they are all based on extrovert sense organs.
Therefore, they cannot give Self Knowledge. If all the conventional instruments
are useless, what should I do, is the crucial question. It is a very important
question for a serious spiritual seeker. If one is very serious, this becomes a
very big question.
The answer
given is - what do you do if you want to see your own eyes? We have got a pair
of eyes. With these eyes we can see everything that is seeable in the world.
They have the capacity and they are powerful without defects. I want to see my
own eyes with this pair of eyes. What will I do? Somebody tells that my eyes
are beautiful. I want to take a look at my own eyes.
However
powerful my eyes are, they will never be able to look at themselves because a subject,
a seer cannot objectify the seer itself.
Then, what do
we do? Bhagavan has given a
reflecting surface, a mirror or a polished wall. I look at the
mirror and I am able to see my own eyes. The beauty is that even though the
eyes are turned outwards, with the help of the mirror, what I am seeing is not
the mirror, but I am seeing my own eyes.
But one thing
is that mirror alone is not enough. My eyes also must be
in good
condition. So, I use my eyes and I improve the capacity of my
eyes by having
an external aid, an external support which is called the
mirror. When
the combination of the regular instrument plus an additional support called the
mirror comes, I will be able to see.
Now, the
scriptures point out that with regard to Self Knowledge also,
we have to use
an external support or aid. However much you independently try, you will never
succeed. It is like a person with powerful eyes saying he won’t use a mirror to
see his own eyes. He is
only going to
be the loser. Similarly, if I refuse to take external help, I
will never
succeed in gaining Self Knowledge. So, I require a mirror.
The local
mirror will not be of any use because that will show only the physical eye. The
real ‘I’, the true self, cannot be seen with the help of the local mirror. We
require another mirror which we call Shastra mirror. Shastra or the
scriptures are the mirror which will show my own nature to myself.
When I study
the scriptures and when I employ the scripture, it looks as though I am
extrovert. Many people think that scriptural study is an
extrovert
pursuit, but we should remember that it is like looking at the
mirror. I am
looking outwards, but what I see is my own eye. Similarly, when I study the
scriptures, it looks as though I am extrovert, but really speaking, scriptures
are serving as a mirror.
When I study
the scriptures, I get a clear knowledge of myself.Therefore, there is no
difference between scriptural study and self enquiry. It is exactly like seeing
the mirror is seeing my own eyes. The more clearly I look into the mirror, the
more clearly I see my own eyes.
Similarly,
scriptural study is not an extrovert pursuit. Scriptural knowledge is
synonymous with Self Knowledge. Scriptural enquiry is synonymous with self
enquiry because scriptures are verbal mirrors, word mirrors called shabda
pramanam. If we use
them, we come to know of our real nature. But when we enter into the shabda pramanam, the scriptural words, especially the Vedantic
scriptures, we face some fundamental problem.
This knowledge
being unique as it is dealing with the self, the scriptures use some
methodologies to convey this knowledge because it is not a regular knowledge of
objective things. Because it is a unique subject matter, scriptures use special
methods to communicate. Therefore, if I try to study the scriptures by myself,
I never will be able to extract the teaching. In fact, the scriptures are
seemingly full of contradictions.
A mantra in Ishavasya Upanishad
says - vidya ca avidya ca yastad
veda ubhayam saha - If you have the knowledge of the
combination of knowledge and ignorance. The scriptures talk about the
combination of vidya and avidya which is very difficult to
understand. Because how can you combine vidya
and avidya? Yet Ishavasya Upanishad asks you to
combine vidya and avidya.
Again it says avidyaya mrutyum tirthva –
having crossed mortality through ignorance. That means you should get
immortality through ignorance!!! If immortality can be got through ignorance,
you should have got it long before because we are rich in ignorance. But the
Upanishad asks us to get immortality through ignorance. So what does it mean?
Therefore, the
more you read the Upanishad on your own, you will only get confused because of
the peculiar, seemingly contradictory words that the scriptures use. There is
another problem also with regard to the scriptural words.
This is also
another technical subject. There is a difference between scriptural words and
non-scriptural words, the other literature. What is the difference? When I read
a Physics book and know about the law of gravitation or I learn about Boyles
Law or Charles Law, I gather the knowledge of the particular law from the words
of the book.
But how did the
author of Boyles Law or Charles Law gather that knowledge? I know the law of gravitation by reading a book,
but how
did Newton get
the knowledge of gravitational law? He certainly did not read the book. He got
the knowledge through other methods such as
sense organs
and his intellect.
Therefore, the
Physics book is not producing knowledge. The words about physics are only
transmitting the knowledge which has been gathered by Newton by other methods.
Therefore, words about physics are never the producers of knowledge. They are
only transporters of knowledge which has been gathered by Newton through other
methods.
It doesn’t
matter even if the Physics book is destroyed because if Newton can invent,
other human beings can also invent. There, the words are not important because
the words are not the producers but the words are only carriers of knowledge.
But when we
talk about the Upanishads, we should understand that the Upanishads are not the
carriers of knowledge. It is not that the Rishis got the knowledge by other
methods and then they converted into words. If the Rishis have gathered the
wisdom through other methods and they have converted that knowledge into words,
these words are not very important because even if the words are gone, we can
get the knowledge by other methods.
We should
remember that the Upanishadic words produce a knowledge
which cannot be
gathered by any other methods. Unlike Physics or Chemistry whose knowledge can
be gathered without books through
other means,
Upanishadic words, Vedantic words are
of a totally different type.
They are not
the carrier of knowledge gained through other methods. They produce a unique
knowledge which can never be gathered by any
other method.
Therefore, the scriptural words are given the title aloukika shabdha or words which do not originate within our transactional
reality This is a crucial difference
between the scriptural text and all the other text books. We lose nothing if
all the Physics books are destroyed. We can gather the same knowledge through
other methods.
However the knowledge
given through the scriptures is unique knowledge. They can never be gathered by
any other method. Therefore, the scriptural words have to be employed in such a
way that it gives me a unique knowledge. We do not know this and we do not have
the key to open the scriptural words and extract this unique knowledge.
This key is
only with the jnanis or wise people who have received the knowledge from the
tradition of knowledge passed down from Guru to disciple. Therefore, only if a
wise person handles the scriptural words, he will be able to show the scriptural
words as a mirror in front of you. And
the words coming from the mouth of an Acharya serve as a subtle mirror which
will help you discover this knowledge.
Om Tat Sat