Vishnu Sahasranama - Bhishma answers Yudhishthira's first question

 

पवित्राणां पवित्रं यो मङ्गलानां च मङ्गलम् ।
दैवतं दैवतानां च भूतानां योऽव्ययः पिता ॥ १६॥
pavitrāṇāṁ pavitraṁ yō maṁgalānāṁ ca maṁgalam, 
daivataṃ daivatānāṃ ca bhūtānāṃ yo’vyayaḥ pita. (16)

 He who is the purest among the pure, the most auspicious of all that is auspicious; the supreme Lord of all devatās and the imperishable Father of all beings.

In this life, it is virtually impossible to avoid causing injury to others, whether through acts of commission or omission. Such actions, which result in hurting others, inevitably earn us unfavorable results or pāpa. To neutralize these effects, our scriptures prescribe various purificatory rituals. We are enjoined to perform our nitya-naimittika karmas—the daily and occasional obligatory duties—to neutralize the effect of those actions. There are also specific means of purification, such as bathing in the sacred Gaṅgā, observing diverse austerities (tapas) and vows, and the offering of charity (dāna). While all these are considered pavitra or pure, each is effective only in neutralizing a particular type of pāpa.

Among all the various means of purification, the grace of Lord Nārāyaṇa is considered the most efficacious. This divine grace is invoked through diverse sādhanas: by meditating upon Him (dhyānam), visualizing Him in a specific form, singing His infinite glories (kīrtanam), offering vocal praise (stuti), performing worship (pūjanam), or through constant remembrance (smaraṇam) and prostration (praṇāma). In whatever manner one relates to the Lord, He blesses the devotee and neutralizes all pāpas. It is He alone who empowers these purificatory karmas with their innate capacity to cleanse. Thus, He is extolled as pavitrāṇāṁ pavitram, the purest among the pure.

Furthermore, it is solely through His divine grace that a seeker is led to the Guru, who provides the means to dispel self-ignorance—the fundamental source of all impurities and the very root of bondage. By the grace of both Īśvara and the Guru, one recognizes that one’s essential nature is identical to that of the Lord. This recognition neutralizes the effects of puṇya and pāpa, thereby resolving the cycle of becoming. Once this self-ignorance is removed through knowledge, and one recognizes that one’s true nature is non-doer, there remains no further need for the performance of purificatory karmas.

To establish the absolute purity and divine nature of Īśvara, Śaṅkara cites various verses from the Purāṇas. A few pertinent examples are provided here:—

हरिर्हरति पापानि दुष्टचितैरपि स्मृतः ।
अनिच्छयाऽपि संस्पृष्टो दहत्येव हि पावकः ॥

Even if those with a wicked mind happen to remember Hari, He neutralizes their pāpas; for, even when touched inadvertently, fire will surely burn. 

ज्ञानतोऽज्ञानतो वापि वासुदेवस्य कीर्तनात् ।
तत्सर्वं विलयं याति तोयस्थं लवणं यथा ॥

Knowingly or unknowingly, by singing and understanding the glories of Vasudeva, all papas get dissolved, just as the salt crystal put into water gets dissolved. 

 Maṅgalānāṁ ca maṅgalam — Śaṅkara observes that maṅgala refers to happiness, the means to attain it, or that which reveals it. Among all such auspicious things, the Lord is the paramam maṅgalam, the most exalted auspiciousness, whose very nature is Ānanda. The Śruti serves as the pramāṇa for unfolding the diverse means to attain happiness; it reveals the nature of true sukha and is therefore recognized as the most auspicious. 

While the Śruti is indeed maṅgala, that which is truly to be known through the Śruti and whose very nature is paramānanda is the real Maṅgala, and that is Īśvara. Ordinarily, we observe that every auspicious end merely serves as the beginning of another episode, continuing as an endless serial. However, when one is with the Lord and no longer separate from Him—that is, one with Īśvara—then there is no further cycle of birth and death. The serial comes to an end; therefore, He is Maṅgalānāṁ Maṅgalam.

daivataṃ devatānāṃ ca — He is the Lord of all devas, the supreme deva, existing in absolute excellence through His self-effulgent nature and other divine glories. 

Seeking to understand the one supreme deity, Yudhiṣṭhira posed his inquiry, to which Lord Nārāyaṇa is revealed as the daivatam devatānām, the Sovereign of all gods. As the antaryāmī Paramātmā and the very essence of sat-cit, He resides within all devatās such as Indra and Varuṇa. Every devatā functions under the inexorable divine Order that is Īśvara. It is through His grace alone that they possess the capacity to fulfill their cosmic roles; thus, as Parameśvara, He is indeed the Ruler of all rulers and the God of all gods.

bhūtānāṃ yo’vyayaḥ pitā —  He is the imperishable Father, the progenitor of all beings, who remains ever-free from all change and decay. This identifies the divine Being alone as the one supreme deity in the world. While all bhūtas are subject to vyaya or loss, the entire jagat will eventually resolve and dissolve into Parameśvara, who is avyaya. Being the ultimate cause of everything, He does not undergo any vyaya, change, or loss, nor is He subject to death. He is the Father and Mother as well—the efficient cause (nimitta kāraṇa) and the material cause (upādana kāraṇa) of all beings, elements, elementals, and various bodies. He is the eternal Father of all; while we may lose a local, physical father, we can never lose Īśvara, for He is changeless.

To reveal that Īśvara is indeed one without a second, Śaṅkara cites from the Upaniṣads

एको देवः सर्वभूतेषु गूढः सर्वव्यापी सर्वभूतान्तरात्मा।
कर्माध्यक्षः सर्वभूताधिवासः साक्षी चेता केवलो निर्गुणश्च॥ 

He is eko devaḥ—there is but one supreme Deity, Parameśvara, who is one without a second. Having projected the entire universe, He resides within all beings, concealed as it were—sarva-bhūteṣu gūḍhaḥ. While the word "hidden" might suggest a specific location, the scriptures clarify that He is both immanent and transcendental by saying  He is sarva-vyāpī, the all-pervasive reality, and sarva-bhūtāntarātmā, the inner Self of every being. He resides in every form yet remains ever transcendent. He is the karmādhyakṣaḥ, the one who presides over the divine laws of cause and effect and serves as the Giver of the results of all actions. As the sarva-bhūtādhivāsaḥ, He is the adhiṣṭhāna or basis of all existence. In His essential nature, He is recognized as sākṣī cetā kevalaḥ—the non-dual Witness who is pure caitanya, and nirguṇaḥ, free from all attributes. For if He were endowed with attributes, He could not be truly non-dual. This indeed is the svarūpa of Parameśvara. 

To further establish the non-dual nature of the Lord, Śaṅkara cites an additional verse from the Śvetāśvatara Upaniṣad.

यो ब्रह्माणं विदधाति पूर्वं यो वै वेदांश्च प्रहिणोति तस्मै।
तह देवंआत्मबुद्धिप्रकाशं मुमुक्षुर्वै शरणमहं प्रपद्ये॥ 

He is the one who brought forth Brahmā-jī at the dawn of creation and entrusted the Vedas unto him. While He remains ever transcendent and unconditioned by location, He is that very deva who is ātma-buddhi-prakāśa, seated within our buddhi and illuminating it with His self-effulgence. Unto Him, as a mumukṣu, I truly seek refuge and surrender.

To reveal that the Ātmā is identical in all beings, Śaṅkara cites various verses from Upaniṣads such as the Taittirīya, Kaṭha, and Īśāvāsya. He further references the Bhagavad-Gītā to establish that no difference exists between the jīva and Īśvara. Drawing from the Purāṇas as well, he illustrates that the one Lord assumes diverse names and functions, and that these sacred texts also proclaim advaita as the absolute truth. 

In the Harivaṁśa, Lord Mahādeva declares: 

अहं त्वं हि महादेवः त्वम् एव अहं जनार्दन।
आवयोर् अन्तरं नास्ति शब्दैः अर्थैः जगत्पते॥
नामानि तव गोविन्द यानि लोके महान्ति च।
तान्येव मम नामानि नात्र कार्या विचारणा॥

O Janārdana! I am indeed you, and you, the all-pervasive sarvaga, are myself. Within these three worlds, there exists no distinction between us, whether in name or in essential meaning. Whatever exalted names you possess, Govinda, are mine as well; in this truth, there is no room for doubt or further analysis. Adoration offered unto you is truly sevā performed for me, and whoever harbors dveṣa toward you, truly directs it toward me.

In his commentary, Śaṅkara observes that one may perform a purificatory bath within the very lake of the mind.

यस्मिन् देवाश्च वेदाश्च पवित्रं कृत्स्नमेकताम् ।
व्रजेते तन्मानसं तीर्थं तत्र स्नात्वाऽमृतो भवेत् ॥

The Ātmā as it obtains in the buddhi is revealed as the mānasa-tīrtha. It is in this Ātmā alone that the devatās, the Vedas, and the sacred Smr̥tis attain absolute purity and oneness. By taking a bath in this sacred mānasa-tīrtha, one becomes amr̥ta, thereby resolving all limitations and gaining immortality.

ज्ञानहृदे ध्यानजले रागद्वेषमलापहे ।
यः स्नाति मानसे तीर्थे स याति परमां गतिम् ॥

The individual who immerses himself in the tīrtha of the mind—that lake of jñāna whose waters comprise meditation upon the Lord—neutralizes the deep-seated impurities of rāga and dveṣa. Such a seeker attains the paramā gati, the supreme goal from which there is no return.

ॐ अपवित्रः पवित्रो वा सर्वावस्थां गतोऽपि वा।
यः स्मरेत् पुण्डरीकाक्षं स बाह्याभ्यन्तरः शुचिः॥ 

Whether one is apavitraḥ (impure) or pavitro (pure), and regardless of the state one has attained—sarvāvasthāṃ gato’pi vā—the individual who simply remembers Puṇḍarīkākṣa, the lotus-eyed Lord, becomes sanctified both within and without.

 

 

Satsang with Swami Tadatmanandaji - Question Answers - Week 2 (3)

 

Q. If consciousness is all pervasive then can we conclude that inanimate objects like rocks are also conscious, but to a much lesser degree.

A. That's a good question, and it shows something  a little subtle. In an inert object (Swamiji points to a plastic bottle with water in it) - we said, consciousness is all pervasive. So, consciousness pervades my body, my brain. Consciousness pervades me, this individual. This individual being that you call Swami Tadatamananda. What about this bottle of water? Consciousness also pervades this bottle of water.

How could you keep consciousness out of an inert object like a bottle of water or a rock. But here's the issue. Consciousness is present in me. Consciousness is present in this bottle of water. Is consciousness more present in me and less present in the water?

It might seem like that. But take the example of space. Space is all pervasive. Is space more present in some locations and less present in other locations?  Is space  more powerful in some places and less powerful in some places. That doesn't make sense. Space as a fundamental reality has a certain uniformity to it. Right? Space is uniform. So, if consciousness is a uniform fundamental reality, the consciousness in me and the consciousness in this bottle should be identical. Not more present in me and less present in the bottle, but equally present in me. Equally present in the bottle.

On the other hand, if you call me, ‘hey Swami’, I'll respond to you. If you say, ‘hey bottle’, the bottle won't respond to you. That's not due to the presence or absence of consciousness. It's due to the fact that this this thing (pointing to himself) has a mind and senses and faculties and this (pointing to the plastic bottle) doesn't.

So there's a fancy word we you talked about it briefly in the last class- sentiency. Sentiency describes the ability of an organism to interact with its environment, to respond to its environment, to be aware of its environment. Because I have a mind and senses, I am a sentient being. Because this bottle does not have a mind or senses, it is not a sentient being.

On the other hand, consciousness is equally present in in both. So important to understand the nature of consciousness.

With that in mind, we spoke before, about  ‘at the moment of death’. We've said that there is an entity that leaves the body  at the time of death. And that entity is not atma. I said atma cannot leave a body at the time of death because it's all pervasive.

If there is a body of a deceased person, is consciousness present in that dead body or not? Well, consciousness is all pervasive. How could you keep consciousness out of the dead body? You can't keep consciousness out of an inert object. You can't keep consciousness out of even a dead body. That's what we mean when we say consciousness is all pervasive.

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Q. Happiness, sadness and other emotions are defined in Vedanta as vriitis,  as temporary mental modifications. Why then is atma specifically defined as anandanda? Could you please clarify the distinction between ananda as our essential nature and happiness as a mental state?

A. Happiness, sadness, etc. they are vrittis. They come and go. Ananda is usually translated as bliss.  (Swamiji says about “Could you please clarify the distinction between ananda as our essential nature and happiness as a mental state?) And that's exactly the right question.

There is a distinction between ananda as your essential nature and happiness as a transient mental state.

We say atma is sat chit ananda - chit consciousness, sat- real, unborn, uncreated, unchanging and ananda.

And here we have another one of those bits of confusion based on a word like ‘soul’. Ananda also gets confused because in English we conventionally translate it as bliss.

 And here's the problem. We only we generally think of bliss as an experience. Right? You have a blissful experience when you eat your favorite food, maybe your favorite kind of ice cream.

You have a blissful experience. That blissful experience takes place in your mind, right? It does. And being a mental event, that blissful experience in your mind,  is revealed or observed by consciousness.

So why do we say that consciousness is ananda? Blissful experience belongs to the mind not atma.

So here we deal with one of the tricky language issues. When we use the word ananda to describe atma, it is such a problem, that when you read Sanskrit commentaries on various vedanta texts and scriptures ,a commentator will say satcitananda – ananta. After the word ananda they'll add the word ananta. Ananta means limitless.

And the commentator will add the word ananta after the word ananda to make sure that you know that when we say atma is satcitananda, we're not saying atma is a blissful experience. We're saying that atma is  (pause) - you know the English word bliss only is used for experience. There's a translation problem here. We could say there is no English equivalent for ananda.

The  Sanskrit word ananda has no exact translation. Of course, it becomes problematic because in Hindi, you know when you have some nice food and you enjoy it, you say, "Oh, I enjoyed it so much." So in Hindi, the word anand is used as an experience in vernacular language.

When the word ananda comes in this technical Sanskrit expression satchitananda atma in that expression ananda does not mean a blissful experience. So we can't translate it as bliss. Then what word shall we translate it as? We don't have an exact word for it. But I can give you some hints.

When, in meditation when your mind becomes perfectly silent and consciousness alone remains present,  atma alone remains present in deep meditation -that atma present in deep meditation is satcitananda.

So what is present in deep meditation?  That’s conscious and sat. So, sat-chit -unchanging consciousness, unborn consciousness, eternal consciousness, is present. And that eternal consciousness is full, complete, content, perfect. These are words that come close to the meaning of ananda.

Ananda comes close to  the English words fullness, completeness, perfection, contentment. These words come close. No exact translation but these words come close.

So that ananda is your true nature. We say atma swarupa  -your swarupa means your essential nature. Atma svarupa is ananda. Ananda in the sat-chit-ananda, but ananda in the sense not in the sense of bliss.

Atma svarupa your true nature is ananda in the sense of being full, in the sense of being complete, in the sense of being perfect, in the sense of being utterly beyond any kind of suffering.

So this is a language problem. Ananda in the expression such an atma ananda does cannot be translated as bliss because in English bliss is an experience but we're talking not about an experience which belongs to the mind. We're talking about such ananda atma, the experiencer.

 Om Tat Sat

Satsang With Swami Tadatmanandaji - Question and Answer - Week 2 (2)

Continuing the question and answers sessions of Swami Tadatmanandaji.

I am not posting the video here as it is an unlisted video. Instead here is a transcription more or less of the Satsang - some interesting questions of students  answered here. 

Q.  ‘Consciousness  is the same in all beings’. Then why do we have separate experiences? What is that gives these beings their individual distinctiveness.

A. (Swami Tadatmanandaji)  And  just allow me to fill in a little the backstory of that statement. It works like this.

You are a conscious being. Okay?

Your consciousness, how  tall is your consciousness?

How wide is your consciousness?

What is its shape?

What is the form of that consciousness?

And you'll probably say, "No, consciousness doesn't have height or width or shape or size." Okay?

That which has no height or shape or width or size has no dimensions. If it has no height, it doesn't have the dimension of height. If it has no width, it doesn't have the dimension of width. If it doesn't have dimensions, it's dimensionless. Dimensionless means boundaryless. Boundaryless means limitless. Limitless means all pervasive.

This is a good example of how Vedanta takes you from what is self-evident consciousness, then takes you further, to discover the full true nature of that consciousness.

Consciousness because it has no size or shape,   is dimensionless, boundaryless, limitless, all pervasive.

Therefore, the questioner says consciousness is necessarily the same in all beings. If consciousness has no edge or boundary, how do you separate one consciousness from another?

Often space is given as a metaphor for that which has no boundary. Space pervades the cosmos. Can you have two spaces? You can't differentiate one all pervasive space from another all pervasive space, one infinite space from another infinite space.

For this reason, what the ancient rishis discovered and taught is that there is but one consciousness which is boundaryless, limitless and all pervasive. Therefore, the consciousness present right now in your experience and the consciousness present right now in my experience are one and the same consciousness.

Of course, that begs the question, why do we have separate experiences?

And the answer to that is  consciousness reveals the activities of your mind, (pointing to the listener) over there). Consciousness reveals the activities of my mind over here. And it's due to the difference of our minds that our experiences are different.

Oh, something very fundamental that I haven't mentioned and must mention. Experience takes place in your mind and is revealed by consciousness.

What is experience? Experience is the sum total of all your thoughts, everything you see, hear, taste, smell, and touch and all your emotions. The sum total of all that is what you call experience. And all of that takes place in your mind as mental activities, as vrittis.

So even though the same consciousness reveals the activities of your mind and my mind (which is different from yours), it's one and the same consciousness. Our experiences are absolutely different because our minds are different.

 Answering the question what is it that gives these beings in their individual distinctiveness? And the answer is mind. Consciousness revealing the activities of your mind creates your distinctive unique experience. Consciousness revealing the activities of my mind creates a different distinct experience that I'm having.

Q.  Is chitta the same as atma?

A. Chitta is a common word for  mind or a mental faculty. So chitta is not a synonym for atma. Chitta is a mental faculty.  

Q. What is soul?

A. I have used Gemini Ai to summarize Swamiji’s answer to this one. And that is given below.

The term "soul" is described as a source of confusion due to its vague, varied definitions, with the speaker's teacher, Swami Dayananda, specifically avoiding its use. The text distinguishes the all-pervasive, non-traveling Atma (limitless consciousness) from the "soul," which is commonly used to describe the entity that reincarnates [1]. Proper spiritual understanding requires precise terminology, distinguishing Atma from concepts like Chitta (mind) and Prana (life force).

Q. So if the same consciousness is aware of your thoughts and my thoughts why don't I know your thoughts why don't you know my thoughts.

A,  Before I answer that question, we should acknowledge the fact that thank goodness we don't know what everyone else's thinking. Can you imagine how difficult it is to deal with your own mind? Suppose you had to deal with the contents of everyone else's mind simultaneously. What chaos that would be! Fortunately, that's not the case.

When you say ‘if consciousness your consciousness and my consciousness are the same so why don't I know your thoughts’ tell me that question is asked by whom? Where does that question arise?  Does atma have a question or does your mind have that question? We haven't discussed it thoroughly.

Atma doesn't have questions. Atma being a fundamental unchanging reality, atma doesn't have questions. On the other hand, minds have lots of questions obviously. So when you ask why don't I know your thoughts, that question is in your mind. How can your mind know my mind? Your mind is stuck. Your mind is associated with your brain and your body. My mind is associated with my mind and my body. So here's the idea. The one who's asking the question is associated with a particular mind. That's why you when you say why don't I know your thoughts that's why. 

Vedanta Questions Answered by Swami Tadatmananda - Week 2 (1)

 

Swami Tadatamananda Saraswati of Arsha Bodha Center (https://arshabodha.org/), a senior disciple of Swami Dayananda Saraswati, is taking an online intensive Vedanta course. Every week he answers questions of students who are listening to the course videos. Some of the questions are really interesting and Swamiji's answers clarify a lot of misconceptions. I will post some of the interesting questions and answers here on this blog every week. 

Q. I understand that atma is the observer of mental activities, observer of our thoughts our emotions our sensations, all of the activities of your mind. Isn't this understanding itself a cognition.

A. (Swami Tadatmananda) Let's put it two different ways. To say that atma is the observer of mental activities - that's a conceptual idea. And that would be an example of a cognition. 

But atma is you. It's not something other than you. Suppose we rephrase it. Instead of saying atma, is the observer of mental activities. Why not 'I'? As pure consciousness, I am the observer of mental activities. That is not a cognition. That's what you're experiencing right now. 

What do you experience right now? You experience that you are aware of what's happening in your mind. And that's because you are a conscious being. You are atma. You are the consciousness, that observes or reveals the activities of your mind. So this I mentioned before, people who study vedanta for decades and go on suffering due to studying with the wrong orientation. This would be an example of the wrong orientation to turn atma into an idea or a concept. 

Atma is not an idea or a concept. Atma is you. In the same way, Consciousness, pure consciousness is not some thing. Pure consciousness is you. Pure consciousness is your essential nature which is present here and now in this ordinary experience. 

This is the experiential orientation that will keep you on the right track as you study Vedanta.

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Q. If everything I experience takes place in my mind, then how can I experience atma which is satcidanada?

A. (Swami Tadatmananda) Everything I experience takes place in my mind as thoughts, emotions, and perceptions. Before going further into the question, tell me in addition to thoughts, emotions, and perceptions, is there anything else that you experience? Anything else that you imagine, you can put into one of those three categories. If you talk about intuition or mystical experiences or whatever it is, you can categorize it as a thought, as an emotion or as a perception. Just for the sake of convenience, we use these three categories to include any and all experiences. This means atma is not a fourth category of something else that you can experience or simply put atma cannot be experienced. Full stop. And let's be very very clear about this. This is a real issue for many students. 

 Atma cannot be experienced because atma is the experience.  Atma cannot be experienced because atma is the consciousness of the one having the experience, the experiencer. Atma is you the experiencer and therefore not something you can experience. Atma is you.

In Sanskrit the word atma can be used as a a reflexive pronoun myself - atma oneself. So you wouldn't say this paper myself. So the moment you use a reflexive pronoun like 'oneself 'or 'myself', you're not talking about an object. You're not talking about something else. You're talking about you, yourself. So you are not an object to be experienced. You are the subject and not an object. You are the experiencer, not the experienced. You are an observer and not the observed.

For all these reasons, atma is never experienced as an object. On the other hand, atma is present in your experience right now. Not that you experience atma. Watch my language. Atma is present in your experience right now.

How are you conscious right now? That consciousness, the consciousness that is present in your experience right this moment,  that consciousness is atma. That consciousness is your true self. 

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Q. If consciousness is not an object of perception, thought or feeling (as we just discussed), then in what sense is it known? How should I understand this properly according to Advaita Vedanta?

Q (related one ) When we cannot see or experience the limitless ever pervading unobservable atma, then isn't it the same as saying that no such thing exists

A.  It's a good question. Atma,  consciousness is not an object of perception, feeling or thought. Then how is it known?  

Exactly in that manner.

To say that what consciousness is not, is a kind of knowledge. You know what consciousness is not. Conscious is not an object you can know with your thoughts, feelings or sensations or emotions, which is not to say, that consciousness is unknown.

Consciousness is not observable because it belongs to the observer.  The contention is that if you can't see it, perceive it, feel it, taste it, smell it, touch it, then it doesn't exist. 

And do the Buddhists share the same view? There's a school of Buddhism called Shunya vada. A school of Buddhism that denies the existence of consciousness altogether. Shunya Buddhism denies the existence of atma. They deny the existence of atma for the reason that the student is giving here. Can you see it, hear it, taste, smell or touch it? No. Can you n can you conceive of it in your mind? No. Can you feel it as an emotion? No. Then it doesn't exist. This is the logical analysis used by the Buddhists.

And the logic is faulty because this whole logical discussion presumes the presence of consciousness and that consciousness is atma. You are a conscious being engaged in a debate about whether or not consciousness exists!!! Seems kind of odd, but that's what it ends up being. The discussion about does atma exist or not, ends up being an empty argument, because if atma didn't exist, you wouldn't be here to ask the question or engage in the argument.

You are a conscious being. That is a fact of your experience that cannot be refuted by logic and cannot be refuted by the Buddhists either. So just to make sure we've answered, in what sense is atma known? Atma is known as yourself.

How can atma be known? Do you know that you exist? Yes. How do you know that you exist? Because you are conscious. That conscious existence is atma. You are a conscious being, and you know atma as such, as yourself.

Then I'll add my own question right now. If atma is already known as conscious existence as your own self then why bother with all this Vedanta and the answer and the reason is it's not fully known.  You know that you are a conscious being. That we in fact call that self-evident - that you are a conscious being atma is self-evident. If you like Sanskrit, the word is svatah-siddha,  means self-evident. You don't need proof. It is self-evident that you are a conscious being.

What is not self-evident is that as a conscious being you are unborn, uncreated, unchanging, boundaryless, limitless, vast, infinite, and utterly unaffected by worldly troubles. That's not self-evident. And that's why we come to these teachings of  Advaita Vedanta. You we could say then that atma is partially known. You know that you are a conscious being. That part is self-evident. The remainder, the nature of your consciousness being unborn, uncreated, vast, boundaryless and utterly unaffected by suffering,  that part remains to be discovered and that's what we are in the process of doing here. 

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this blog is getting very long - so the rest later.

Vishnu Sahasranama - Answer to the 2nd question

 

परमं यो महत्तेजः परमं यो महत्तपः ।

परमं यो महद्ब्रह्म परमं यः परायणम् ॥ १५॥

paramaṁ yō mahattejaḥ paramaṁ yō mahattapaḥ, 

paramaṁ yō mahadbrahma paramaṁ yaḥ parāyaṇam. (15)

 He is the supreme goal, the most exalted and brilliant light, the sovereign ruler, and the limitless Brahman.

 The second question "which is the ultimate goal",  is being answered here. 

  He is parama (exalted) and mahat-tejas, the preeminent light. While the sun, moon, and stars are worldly luminaries, the mahad-tejas is the svaprakāśa Ātmā or para brahma, the greatest of all shining objects. In his commentary, Śaṅkarācārya reveals the Lord as the sarvāvabhāsaka, the supreme Illuminator of all. His essential nature is recognized as caitanya-lakṣaṇa, for He is the very embodiment of pure Consciousness. While He illumines everything in this universe, He remains ever self-effulgent, unillumined and unaffected by any external object.

 Śaṅkara quotes from the Śruti: yena sūryaḥ tapati tejasā iddhaḥ—"That illumined by whose light the sun shines." This is spoken of by the devatās as the jyotiṣāṃ jyotiḥ, the Light of all lights. Neither the sun, nor the moon, nor the stars, nor the lightnings can illumine that Brahman; indeed, how can this fire light It? Everything shines only after that Self alone, which is the light of all lights. By Its light alone, all this is illumined. "Know that light which resides in the sun and illumines the entire world, and that which resides in the moon and the fire, to be Mine alone," says Bhagavān in the Gītā.

 He is the paramaṁ mahat the most exalted and  the greatest tapas. The term tapas signifies tapati, ājñāpayati īṣṭe iti tapaḥ—the one who commands, ordains, and has absolute mastery over all. It is by His divine mandate and order alone that the entire universe functions. Through His delegation of power, all the devatās perform their respective roles; thus, the eyes perceive and the ears hear, with everything moving exactly as it is has to move. Under His supreme mandate, every element of creation fulfills its purpose. No one possesses the capacity to transgress His order. For instance, should one touch fire, even without prior knowledge, the fire will invariably burn; such is the nature of His divine order. He is the one whose law cannot be violated without receiving the inevitable result prescribed by the order itself.

 Residing within all bhūtas and across all lokas as the antaryāmī Īśvara, the cetana Ātmā, through the power of His māyā, yamayati—He ordains and rules. Out of the awe of His supreme mandate, the wind maintains its constant motion, and the sun rises daily in the eastern sky without ever deviating from its course. Agni and Indra fulfill their designated roles, and Mr̥tyu, the Lord of death, carries out his functions with unceasing diligence. It is not fear in a worldly sense, but rather the inexorable and precise divine order that compels each planet to remain steadfastly in its own orbit.

 He is paramaṁ mahad-brahma. The word Brahman signifies that which is limitless and big; thus, mahat brahma indicates that He is greater than the greatest, with nothing existing beyond Him. Everything is contained within that reality, for there is absolutely nothing apart from It. Furthermore, He is parama, revealed by the Śruti as satyaṁ jñānam anantam—the absolute truth of all existence and limitless in every respect.

He alone is parāyaṇam, the ultimate refuge and the final destination. The inclusion of the word parama alongside parāyaṇam signifies that it is the final destination where the journey of the jīva come to an end, from which there is no return. Ordinarily, every end serves merely as a point of departure for a new beginning, and every destination becomes a starting point for further pursuits. For instance, if a person attains svargaloka, that sphere itself becomes the point from which one must eventually return to martya-loka. What, then, is the final destination? It must be that from which, once reached, there is no coming back. That is solely para-brahman, which is none other than oneself. If one has to travel to reach a place, one must inevitably return; yet, since the destination is one’s own essential nature, one does not truly go anywhere, and consequently, there is no coming back.

When the ultimate goal is none other than one’s own essential nature, yet you seek to attain it, such a gain can be accomplished only through knowledge. Indeed, if the individual were truly separate from the Lord, then Īśvara would be limited. Therefore, the Lord is extolled as parāyaṇa; He is the final end, gaining which one recognizes one’s own identity with the Lord. This is the greatest of all human achievements, for being limitless, there remains nothing further to be accomplished.

Through the repeated use of the word parama throughout these verses, every relative and finite reality is negated. Thus, the one who is paramaṁ tejaḥ—the most exalted light, paramaṁ tapaḥ—the supreme Ruler, and paramaṁ brahma—the limitless Reality, is that very Lord who is the paramaṁ parāyaṇam, the ultimate refuge of all beings. This is the final destination said Yudhiṣṭhira.

Om Tat Sat

 

Bhishma praises the Lord and answers the fifth question

Praising that Lord who was extolled in the earlier verses, Bhisma continues

ब्रह्मण्यं सर्वधर्मज्ञं लोकानां कीर्तिवर्धनम् ।
लोकनाथं महद्भूतं सर्वभूतभवोद्भवम् ॥ १३॥
brahmaṇyaṁ sarvadharmajñaṁ lōkānāṁ kīrtivardhanam, 
lōkanāthaṁ mahadbhūtaṁ sarvabhūtabhavōdhbhavam. (13)

(By always praising Viṣṇu) who is the one who is beneficial to Brahman—and who is the sthe knower of all dharmas, the  enhancer of the fame of all worlds, the  Sovereign of the worlds, the the supreme Realit and the very source from which the existence of all beings arises, (one goes beyond sorrow).

 The term brahmaṇyam conveys many meaning, and Śaṅkarācārya observes that each is pertinent in this context. Brahmaṇyam — brahmaṇe sr̥ṣṭaye brāhmaṇāya tapase śrutaye vā hitam. Primarily, we recognize that He is the one who is beneficial to Lord Brahmā, the creator; indeed, even Brahmā-jī offers worship unto Him to receive the blessings necessary to fulfil his cosmic functions effectively. Brahmaṇe śrutaye hitam — He is beneficial to the Śruti, the Vedas, for the word Brahman also denotes the Veda. In what manner does Īśvara benefit the Śruti? He ensures the validity of the Śruti. The Śruti declares, “svarga-kāmo yajeta” or “putra-kāmo yajeta,” prescribing specific karmas as sādhanas for attaining heaven, progeny, and other objects of desire. When an individual performs a particular karma, the Lord, as the Giver of the results of action, blesses them with the corresponding result, thereby validating the sacred words of the Śruti. As the Śruti is but His own word, Īśvara must necessarily uphold the truth of its declarations.

Furthermore, He is brāhmaṇāya hitam—signifying that He is a source of blessing to the brāhmaṇas who, predominantly endowed with sattva-guṇa, adhere to a Vaidika lifestyle, performing enjoined rituals and living in accordance with dharma. He is also tapase hitam—beneficial to those who perform tapas and are ever contemplative.

sarvān dharmān jānāti iti sarvadharmajñaḥ — He who knows all dharmas without exception is the sarvadharmajña. He is never subject to confusion regarding the nature of what is right and what is wrong. Dharma-saṅkaṭa, or the confusion regarding duties, is a limitation that belongs only to the jīva, never to the Lord. 

lōkānāṁ kīrtivardhanam—the one who causes the growth of true renown within the worlds. Unlike mere popularity, kīrti signifies an enduring fame that arises from sāttvika learning, steadfast devotion, and a life lived in accordance with dharma. When an individual takes refuge in the Lord, their ego becomes enlightened; there is more of Bhagavān and less of the individual self. As a result, their kīrti increases, and they become a source of inspiration to others. Every glory perceived in this universe exists within the divine order of Īśvara; hence, all fame truly belongs only to Parameśvara. Whenever any renown is achieved, it is the Lord alone who should be acknowledged for it.

He is lokanātha, the Sovereign of the worlds. Lokān īṣṭe—He rules over the universe and sustains every being, ensuring that no one is truly an orphan in His creation. To deny the Lord is to remain a spiritual orphan; however, for those who recognize Him, He is the ever-present guardian. He is further extolled as lokanātha because lokaiḥ nāthyate yācyate—the one sought and petitioned by all for the attainment of their goals. He is the ultimate object of desire, the light that illumines the world, and the source of all blessings.

Mahadbhūta—the Lord who is ever-existent and who, as Brahman, is the absolute truth of all that is manifest.

Sarvabhūtabhavodbhava—In his commentary, Śaṅkarācārya explains: sarvabhūtānāṃ bhavaḥ saṃsāraḥ yat sakāśāt udbhavati tam—the one from whom the worldly existence of all beings arises. All jīvas are manifest in accordance with their karma, as the Lord is the sole Giver of the results of action. Every being is endowed with a body and placed in an environment perfectly suited to eke out their past deeds. Thus, the Lord is the udbhava, the fundamental cause of existence, presiding over the cycles of birth and the specific circumstances required for each being to experience their karma-phala.

Now we have the answer to Yuddhishthira’s fifth question which was “which is the highest dharma?

एष मे सर्वधर्माणां धर्मोऽधिकतमो मतः ।
यद्भक्त्या पुण्डरीकाक्षं स्तवैरर्चेन्नरः सदा ॥ १४॥
eṣa me sarvadharmāṇāṁ dharmōdhikatamō mataḥ, 
yadbhaktyā puṁḍarīkākṣaṁ stavairarcennaraḥ sadā. (14)

Among all the various dharmas, this is considered by me to be the most superior: that a person, endowed with unwavering devotion, always offers worship to Puṇḍarīkākṣa through the recitation of His divine praises. 

Seeking to ascertain the highest dharma, Yudhiṣṭhira questioned Bhīṣma, who answers in this verse. While a multitude of dharmas are enjoined by the Vedas and by elders in accordance with the Vedas, among them all—sarva-dharmāṇām—Bhīṣma declares: eṣa dharmaḥ adhikatamaḥ—this dharma is the best, me mataḥ—in my considered view. 

yat naraḥ sadā arcet — that individual who is ever-steadfast in his worship of the Lord. In what manner? yad bhaktya stavaiḥ -guṇa-saṅkīrtana-lakṣaṇaiḥ stutibhiḥ — by means of divine praises that celebrate the infinite glories of Parameśvara. Bhīṣma identifies Him as Puṇḍarīkākṣa, signifying hṛdaya-puṇḍarīke prakāśamānaṃ vāsudevaḥ: the one who shines within the lotus of the heart, which is the buddhi, as Vāsudeva, the very Self.

Worshipping the Lord and bringing Him into one’s daily life is considered the parama dharma. This is the best means to accomplish the ultimate end. Through such worship, performed with unwavering commitment and bhakti, one invokes Īśvara into one’s life. When there is a greater presence of Īśvara in one’s life, it naturally results in a life of greater reality and objectivity, for Īśvara is the only  reality

Śaṅkara observes here: asya stuti-lakṣaṇasya arcanasya ādhikye kiṁ kāraṇam? What, indeed, is the cause for the excellence of this worship characterized by hymns of praise (guṇa-saṅkīrtana)?

It is replied (ucyate) — hiṁsādi-puruṣāntara-dravyāntara-deśakālādi-niyama-anapekṣatvam ādhikye kāraṇam. This mode of worship is considered excellent because it does not cause injury (hiṁsā), requires neither external materials (dravya) nor the aid of another individual, and is not subject to the constraints of time and place. In this form of arcanā, nothing is required save for the self. It consists solely of the recitation of the Lord’s glories, which can be performed aloud, softly, or mentally (mānasa).

The Viṣṇu Purāṇa (6.2.27) declares, “That which one attains in the Kr̥tayuga by meditation, in the Tretā by performing sacrifice, and in the Dvāpara through worship, one receives in the Kaliyuga solely by reciting the divine names of Keśava.”

The Mahābhārata observes: “The japa is said to be the best of all dharmas, for japa begins with non-injury to all beings.” This is further affirmed in the Bhagavad-Gītā, where the Lord declares, “Of sacrifices, I am the sacrifice of japa.” Therefore, it is spoken of as the greatest  dharma. 

In the next verse, the second question is answered which we will see next post.

Om Tat Sat.

Vishnu Sahasranama- Bhishma's answer to question 4 and question 3

In the previous verse, the phrase sarvaduḥkhātigo bhavet meaning ‘one goes beyond all sorrow’, was brought in from verse 12.

The fourth question which was who should men praise and worship to attain the auspiciousness, is being answered here.

तमेव चार्चयन्नित्यं  भक्त्या पुरुषमव्ययम् ।
ध्यायन् स्तुवन् नमस्यंश्च यजमानस्तमेव च ॥ ११॥
tameva cārcayannityaṁ bhaktyā puruṣamavyayam, 
dhyāyan stuvannamasyaṁśca yajamānastameva ca. (11)

By always worshipping that imperishable Lord, with devotion, meditating on him ,praising him and by bowing down to him, the worshipper goes beyond all sorrow.

In these words, the Lord is further identified as the Puruṣaḥ. This term signifies puri śayanāt—the one who dwells within the city of the body—and pūrṇatvāt—the one who is absolute fullness. As the antaryāmī Paramātmā, He resides within the body, which is likened to a city; He is all-pervasive and ever-full. He is avyaya—free from destruction and change, and devoid of waxing or waning.

Tameva arcayan nityaṁ—worshipping Him alone, always. In this verse, three distinct modes of worship are revealed: dhyāyan—meditation, stuvan—vocal praise, and naman—physical prostration. Thus, our relationship with the Lord can be expressed in a threefold manner: kāyika, vācika, and mānasa. Kāyika refers to physical worship, vācika to worshipping with words, and mānasa to meditation or mental worship. Each involves the intentional exercise of one's will; therefore, they are all classified as karma.

The mental repetition of a mantra while invoking the grace of the Lord is known as meditation. Conversely, when the mantra is chanted—whether softly or loudly—it is considered vācika-karma. Performing a pūjā mentally, is also a form of meditation. So long as the Lord is visualized with a form and there is mental worship, it is meditation. The unique beauty of such worship is that the mind becomes resolved, which in itself is the immediate result. Since it constitutes a prayer to the Lord, it also yields an unseen result, known as puṇya or merit, for the individual performing the prayer.

Thus, by worshipping the Lord through the threefold mode of meditation, praise, and namaskāra, the devotee becomes sarvaduḥkhātigo bhavet (a phrase brought in from the subsequent verse), thereby going beyond the reach of all sorrow.

In the next verse, the third question which was what is sole and supreme goal, is being answered.

अनादिनिधनं विष्णुं सर्वलोकमहेश्वरम् ।
लोकाध्यक्षं स्तुवन्नित्यं सर्वदुःखातिगो भवेत् ॥ १२॥
anādinidhanaṃ viṣṇuṃ sarvalokamaheśvaram, 
lokādhyakṣaṃ stuvannityaṃ sarvaduḥkhātigo bhavet. (12) 

By always praising Vishnu who has no beginning or end, the Lord of all the worlds, the witness of the universe, one goes beyond sorrow.

Anādinidhanaṃ—The Lord is revealed as having neither beginning nor end. He is thus the uncaused cause, the ultimate source of all that exists, yet He remains ever a cause and never an effect. By declaring Him to be without beginning or end, the dualities of birth and death are negated. Furthermore, this negation encompasses all other modifications or bhāva-vikāras. Whereas the physical body is born (jāyate), exists (asti), grows (vardhate), undergoes modifications (vipariṇāmate), declines (apakṣīyate), and finally perishes (vinaśyati), the Lord remains eternally free from these changes.

He is Viṣṇu, the all-pervasive Being who resides both within and without. He is sarva-loka-maheśvara, the Supreme Sovereign of the entire universe. The term loka signifies that which is experienced by an individual. While the various lokas, or spheres of experience, each possess their own ruler, Viṣṇu is the Ruler of all rulers—the ultimate Authority under whose order all others function merely as executives.

The world, or loka, constitutes the entire category of the perceived, known as the dṛśya-varga. Because He is the Sovereign over even the cosmic rulers such as Brahma, He is extolled as sarva-loka-maheśvara, the Great Lord of all the worlds. He who directly perceives the world—this realm of the seen—through His innate and self-revealing consciousness which is His essential nature, is identified as the lokādhyakṣa. As pure Consciousness, He sustains and blesses the entire universe without the need for action, remaining ever uninvolved and unaffected by the world.

Stuvan nityam—by always singing His glories. Stuti is recognized as a vācika-karma, an act of vocal worship that invokes the grace of the Lord. This practice includes both mental contemplation and oral expression. We cannot flatter Īśvara through our praise, for the one who praises can never truly extol His infinite magnitude. Whatever we say invariably falls short, as the Lord is always more than anything we can say. Furthermore, every word uttered and the very individual who speaks are illumined by Him; indeed, all speech is made possible only through Him.

tam nityam stuvan sarva-duḥkhātigo bhavet — By always praising Him, one goes beyond all sorrow. These sorrows, as we have previously observed, are classified into three categories: ādhyātmika, centered on the individual’s own body-mind-sense complex; ādhibhautika, originating from external sources or other jīvas over which one may exercise some measure of control; and ādhidaivika, arising from forces over which one has no control. Śaṅkarācārya clarifies that transcending all sorrow is the general result for japa, arcanā, and stuti.

 We will continue in the next post.

Om Tat Sat